India has introduced a detailed set of regulations for the planned re-entry of space objects into Earth’s atmosphere, representing a significant step in the implementation of the Indian Space Policy 2023. This announcement follows the successful launch of India’s first private rocket, Vikram-1, which marked a historic moment in the nation’s space exploration efforts.

The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe), operating under the Department of Space, has released these guidelines. Titled “Norms, Guidelines and Procedures for Authorisation for Undertaking Planned Re-entry of Space Objects,” the framework is intended to assist Indian entities aiming to intentionally bring down satellites, rocket components, or other spacecraft in a controlled manner.

Key Aspects of the Re-Entry Guidelines

The newly established rules specify that any planned re-entry conducted by Indian entities, regardless of location, will require prior authorisation from IN-SPACe. Foreign entities wishing to undertake planned re-entry within India will be required to submit their applications via an Indian partner company, which will ensure adherence to local regulations and national security protocols.

The guidelines, however, do make exceptions. Spacecraft that are designed to re-enter the atmosphere naturally after mission completion, with the expectation that they will burn up and generate minimal debris, will not necessitate separate authorisation for re-entry. Instead, these routines must be incorporated into the entity’s overall space debris mitigation strategy.

A notable aspect of the new framework is its strong focus on public safety. Operators will need to demonstrate that the anticipated risk to individuals during a planned re-entry remains below one in 10,000. Additionally, the guidelines require thorough predictions regarding the re-entry corridor, effective tracking and monitoring systems, and procedural capabilities to alter or abort operations if unexpected issues arise.

Documentation and Liability Requirements

Applicants are obligated to provide comprehensive technical documentation that delineates the characteristics of their spacecraft, mission aims, de-orbit strategies, expected impact areas, risk assessments, and environmental considerations, along with trajectory analysis. Before final approval from IN-SPACe, they must also secure relevant notifications such as Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) and maritime hazard warnings.

The guidelines further stipulate that operators are responsible for any third-party damages resulting from their re-entry activities. They must ensure they have sufficient insurance coverage, including mandatory third-party liability insurance where applicable, while safeguarding the Government of India from liabilities under the 1972 Liability Convention.

Furthermore, any modifications to the planned trajectory, projected timelines, or ownership structures will need to be promptly reported to IN-SPACe and may require additional authorisation. These protocols are essential as India’s commercial space ventures expand, focusing on reusable launch vehicles, private satellite constellations, and future human spaceflights, where safe disposal practices will be crucial for sustainable space exploration.

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