The world’s glaciers are melting faster than ever recorded as a result of the impact of global warming, according to the most comprehensive scientific analysis to date.
Mountain glaciers, frozen rivers of ice, serve as a crucial freshwater resource for millions of people worldwide and contain enough water to raise global sea levels by 32cm (13in) if they were to melt entirely. However, since the turn of the century, glaciers have lost more than 6,500 billion tonnes which is equivalent to 5 per cent of their ice.
The pace of melting is accelerating. Over the past decade, glacier losses were more than a third higher than during the period 2000-2011. This study, which compiled over 230 regional estimates from 35 research teams worldwide, provides scientists with increased confidence in understanding glacier melt rates and future projections.
Glaciers: A Clear Indicator of Global Warming
Glaciers are excellent indicators of global warming. In a stable climate, they maintain a balance, gaining ice through snowfall at the same rate as they lose ice through melting. However, over the past two decades, glaciers have been shrinking worldwide as temperatures have risen due to human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels.
Between 2000 and 2023, glaciers outside the major ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica lost an average of 270 billion tonnes of ice annually. To put this into perspective, Michael Zemp, director of the World Glacier Monitoring Service and lead author of the study, equates this loss to the water consumption of the entire global population over 30 years, assuming 3 litres per person per day.
Certain regions have experienced particularly extreme changes. Central Europe, for instance, has lost 39% of its glacier ice in just over 20 years. These losses have far-reaching consequences beyond altering landscapes and ecosystems. As Prof Zemp puts it, “What happens on the glacier doesn’t stay there.”
Consequences of Glacier Loss
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide depend on seasonal meltwater from glaciers, which act as giant reservoirs, buffering populations from drought. As glaciers disappear, so does this essential water supply.
Additionally, global sea levels are rising at an alarming rate. Even seemingly small increases in sea levels—caused by melting mountain glaciers, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and thermal expansion of warmer ocean waters—can significantly amplify the risk of coastal flooding. Prof Andy Shepherd states, “Every centimetre of sea-level rise exposes another 2 million people to annual flooding somewhere on our planet.”
Since 1900, global sea levels have already risen by more than 20cm (8in), with about half of this increase occurring since the early 1990s. This trend is expected to accelerate in the coming decades.
Urgent Action Needed
This study, published in Nature, is significant not merely because it confirms that glaciers are melting faster but because it consolidates diverse scientific approaches into a unified analysis. By combining field measurements and satellite data, researchers can provide more accurate and reliable estimates of glacier loss.
Glaciers take years, sometimes decades, to fully respond to climate changes. This means they will continue to shrink in the foreseeable future. However, the extent of ice loss by the end of the century will be determined by how much humanity continues to warm the planet through carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.
The study warns that if global climate targets are met, we could limit glacier loss to a quarter of the world’s glacier ice. If warming continues unchecked, nearly half of the world’s glaciers could disappear.
“Every tenth of a degree of warming that we can avoid will save some glaciers and prevent significant damage,” Prof Zemp emphasises. Taking urgent action to reduce carbon emissions and slow the effects of global warming is essential to preserving the world’s glaciers and mitigating the devastating consequences of rising sea levels.
