October 24th is celebrated as the UN day across the globe to commemorate the official establishment of the United Nations. In the run-up to the day, The CSR Journal’s new ‘UN-Bodies’ series will explore various bodies of UN and work done by them on a global level, starting with UNESCO.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) which seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture. It is also a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG), a coalition of UN agencies and organizations aimed at fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
UNESCO’s Headquarters are located in Paris and the Organization has more than 50 field offices around the world. It has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members (As of April 2020) and is governed by the General Conference and the Executive Board.
Objectives of UNESCO
UNESCO focuses on a set of objectives such as:
– Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning
– Mobilizing science knowledge and policy for sustainable development
– Addressing emerging social and ethical challenges
– Fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace
– Building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication
– Focuses on global priority areas – “Africa” and “Gender Equality”
History of UNESCO
In 1942, during the Second World War, the governments of the European countries, which were confronting Germany and its allies, met in the United Kingdom for the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME). Upon the proposal of CAME, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization was convened in London in November 1945. At the end of the conference, UNESCO was founded on 16 November 1945. The first session of the General Conference of UNESCO was held in Paris during November-December of 1946.
Areas of Specialization of UNESCO
Education Transforms Lives
Education transforms lives is at the heart of UNESCO’s mission to build peace, eradicate poverty and drive sustainable development. The Organization is the only United Nations agency with a mandate to cover all aspects of education. It has been entrusted to lead the Global Education 2030 Agenda through Sustainable Development Goal – 4. Its work encompasses educational development from pre-school to higher education and beyond. Themes include global citizenship and sustainable development, human rights and gender equality, health and HIV and AIDS, as well as technical and vocational skills development.
Protecting Heritage and Fostering Creativity
It is becoming a fact that no development can be sustainable without a strong culture component. UNESCO has adopted a three-pronged approach to make culture takes it rightful place in development strategies and processes:
– Spearheads worldwide advocacy for culture and development.
– Engages with the international community to set clear policies and legal frameworks
– Works on the ground to support governments and local stakeholders to safeguard heritage, strengthen creative industries and encourage cultural pluralism.
Some important conventions and International treaties of UNESCO to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage include:
– The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005)
– The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)
– The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001)
– The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001)
– The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972)
– The Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property (1970)
– Science for a Sustainable Future
Science equips us to find solutions to today’s acute economic, social and environmental challenges and to achieving sustainable development and greener societies. UNESCO works to assist countries to invest in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), to develop national science policies, to reform their science systems and to build capacity to monitor and evaluate performance through STI indicators. Also, UNESCO works with its member states to foster informed decisions about the use of science and technology, in particular in the field of bioethics.
Social and Human Sciences
UNESCO helps to enable people to create and use knowledge for just and inclusive societies, support them in understanding each other and working together to build lasting peace. It promotes mutual understanding among member states through its intergovernmental Programmes like Management of Social Transformations (MOST), its Youth Programme and the Culture of Peace and Non-Violence Programme which include initiatives for democracy and global citizenship, intercultural dialogue, peace-building.
Communication and Information
UNESCO advances freedom of expression and the safety of journalists combats online hate speech, as well as disinformation and misinformation through awareness-raising initiatives. It also supports universal access to information and knowledge through promoting Open Solutions, including Open Educational Resources, access for marginalized people, and multilingualism in Cyberspace.
Global Priorities Of UNESCO – ‘Africa’ and ‘Gender Equality’
Africa
UNESCO is attentive to 54 African countries with a stronger and better-targeted strategy. The adoption of the African Union Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development paving the ground for the African Economic Community and the African Renaissance.
Gender Equality
UNESCO holds that women and men must enjoy equal opportunities, choices, capabilities, power and knowledge as equal citizens. Equipping girls and boys, women and men with the knowledge, values, attitudes and skills to tackle gender disparities is a precondition to building a sustainable future for all.
Some important initiatives to achieve the objective of Gender equality are:
– UNESCO Priority Gender Equality Action Plan
– Gender Equality Tools
– Gender Views
– Gender-related UNESCO Chairs and Networks
– UNESCO Prize for Girls’ and Women’s Education
– UNESCO Youth Mobile
– Some of the Important Initiatives of UNESCO
– World Heritage Convention and List
World Heritage Convention-1972 links together the concepts of nature conservation and the preservation of cultural properties. The Convention defines the kind of natural or cultural sites (World Heritage Sites) which can be considered for inscription on the World Heritage List. The States Parties of convention are encouraged to integrate the protection of the cultural and natural heritage into regional planning programmes, set up staff and services at their sites, undertake scientific and technical conservation research. It explains how the World Heritage Fund is to be used and managed. Globally there are 1121 World Heritage Sites in the 167 countries. Meanwhile, India has 38 World Heritage Sites that include 30 Cultural properties, 7 Natural properties and 1 mixed site.
Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme
It is an intergovernmental scientific programme that aims to establish a scientific basis for enhancing the relationship between people and their environments. It promotes innovative approaches to economic development that are socially and culturally appropriate and environmentally sustainable. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves currently counts 701 sites in 124 countries all over the world, including 21 transboundary sites. India has 18 Biosphere reserves out of which 11 have been recognized internationally under Man and Biosphere (MAB) program.
International Geoscience and Global Geoparks Programme (IGGP)
International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) harnesses the intellectual capacity of a worldwide network of geoscientists to lay the foundation for our planet’s future, focusing on responsible resource extraction, natural hazard resilience and preparedness, and adaptability in the era of a changing climate.
International Hydrological Programme (IHP)
The Intergovernmental Hydrological Programme (IHP) is the only intergovernmental programme of the United Nations system devoted to water research and management, and related education and capacity development.
World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)
The growing global water crisis threatens the security, stability and environmental sustainability of developing nations. The programme focuses on assessing the developing situation of freshwater throughout the world. It also coordinates the work of 31 UN-Water members and partners in the World Water Development Report (WWDR).
International Basic Sciences Programme (IBSP)
It is an international multidisciplinary programme established by UNESCO Member States in order to reinforce intergovernmental cooperation in science to strengthen national capacities in the basic sciences and science education.
Important Reports of UNESCO
UNESCO Science Report
UNESCO Science Report maps Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) governance around the world on a regular basis. The report is published every five years, on 10 November, to mark World Science Day for Peace and Development.
Global Education Monitoring Report
Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report carries out its assessment of progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal on education (SDG4) and its 10 targets, as well as other related education targets in the SDG agenda. The report examines different accountability mechanisms that are used to hold governments, schools, teachers, parents, the international community, and the private sector accountable for inclusive, equitable and quality education.
McBride Report of 1980
The comprehensive report of the MacBride Commission is also named “Many Voices, OneWorld”. It analyzed communication problems in modern societies, particularly relating to mass media and news, consider the emergence of new technologies, and to suggest a kind of communication order (New World Information and Communication Order) to diminish these problems to further peace and human development
UNESCO State of the Education Report for India: No Teacher No Class
Highlighting the state of education in the country, UNESCO has ‘UNESCO 2021 State of the Education Report for India: No Teachers, No Class’ on the occasion of World Teachers Day 2021. This third edition of the State of Education Report, focused on the theme of teachers, teaching and teacher education, underscores that the work of teaching is complex. It attempts to provide an understanding of key aspects of the teaching profession, provides a profile of the 9.6 million teaching workforce, as well as the challenges of their intricate teaching routine and their professional development.
With an in-depth analysis of the current state of teachers in India, highlighting best practices, the UNESCO State of the Education report for India 2021 aims to serve as a reference for enhancing the implementation of the NEP and towards the realization of the SDG.4 target 4c on teachers.
UNESCO And INDIA
Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO (INCCU)
India has been a member of the UNESCO since its inception in 1946. UNESCO constitution requires that each Member State should have a principle body that shall work with the Organization. Thus, in India, Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO (INCCU) was commissioned. UNESCO has two Offices in India:
The New Delhi cluster office for eleven countries in South and Central Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)
The MGIEP – the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development fully supported and funded by the Government of India.
UNESCO’s International Prizes and India
1. UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence
It is established through the generous donation of the UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, Indian artist, writer and diplomat Mr Madanjeet Singh, the prize honors his lifelong commitment to the cause of peace and tolerance. The creation of the Prize in 1995 marked the United Nations Year for Tolerance and the 125th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi. Since 1996, the Prize has been awarded every two years and, since 2002, it amounts to US $ 100,000.
2. The UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science
It is an international distinction created by UNESCO in 1951 following a donation from Mr Bijoyanand Patnaik, Founder and President of the Kalinga Foundation Trust in India.
