Climate change is increasingly affecting India’s poultry sector, with experts warning that rising temperatures are leading to smaller and weaker eggs. Research indicates that laying hens perform best within a narrow temperature range of 19°C to 22°C. When temperatures rise significantly above this level, birds experience heat stress, which can disrupt their normal physiological functions and reduce productivity.

Unlike humans, hens cannot sweat to cool themselves. Instead, they rely primarily on panting to regulate body temperature. During prolonged periods of extreme heat, this mechanism becomes less effective, affecting the bird’s health and its ability to produce high-quality eggs.

Heat Stress Impacts Egg Size and Quality

Scientists have found that heat stress can reduce egg weight, lower egg production, and weaken eggshell strength. One of the major reasons is the disruption of calcium metabolism within the hen’s body.

Eggshells are primarily composed of calcium carbonate, which is deposited over nearly 20 hours during egg formation. Excessive heat causes hens to pant more frequently, leading to excessive loss of carbon dioxide. This condition, known as respiratory alkalosis, alters blood chemistry and reduces the availability of calcium needed for strong shell formation.

As a result, eggs laid during periods of intense heat often have thinner shells and are more vulnerable to cracking during handling and transportation. Studies have also suggested that extreme temperatures may delay the onset of egg-laying and alter egg shape in some cases.

Feed Quality Also Under Pressure

The effects of climate change extend beyond the birds themselves. Key poultry feed ingredients such as maize and soybean are highly sensitive to heatwaves, droughts, and irregular rainfall patterns. Lower crop yields and declining nutritional quality can directly affect poultry nutrition.

Industry experts note that poorer feed quality can lead to reduced egg production and lower nutritional value in eggs. Rising feed costs have also become a growing concern for poultry farmers, adding further pressure to the sector.

Challenges for Producers and Consumers

India’s poultry industry contributes significantly to the country’s economy and food security. However, climate-related disruptions are creating new challenges for producers, from maintaining flock health to ensuring stable egg supplies.

Experts believe adaptation measures such as improved ventilation systems, climate-controlled poultry sheds, heat-resistant breeds, and better feed management will be crucial in protecting the sector. As temperatures continue to rise, addressing these challenges may become essential for sustaining egg production and maintaining affordability for consumers.

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