The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is scheduled to launch its latest Earth-observation satellite, EOS-05, on September 4 at 2:55 am IST. This mission will be significant as it represents India’s first attempt to position an imaging satellite in geosynchronous orbit, approximately 36,000 kilometres above the Earth’s surface. The satellite will be placed aboard the GSLV-F17 rocket, which is set to take off from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.

The GSLV-F17 marks the 19th flight of India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle and will utilise a four-metre-diameter composite payload fairing during the launch. This strategic position will enable the satellite to continuously observe vast areas of the Earth, an advancement in the country’s capabilities in this sector.

Before reaching its operational orbit, EOS-05 will be injected into a Sub-Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (Sub-GTO) by the rocket. This phase is considered an essential part of the satellite’s journey to its final designated operational altitude.

Understanding Sub-GTO and Its Significance

A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) is a critical stage in the deployment of satellites into geostationary orbits. It serves as a transitional pathway that enables a satellite to ascend from near-Earth orbit to its designated position at an altitude of approximately 36,000 kilometres. The trajectory followed in this orbit is not circular but instead elongated, allowing the satellite to approach the Earth at certain points before retreating to higher altitudes.

Conversely, a Sub-GTO provides a lower energy release orbit than a standard GTO. The rocket will not carry EOS-05 all the way to its final altitude; instead, it will drop the satellite into this less energetic orbit, enabling the spacecraft to utilise its own propulsion system to ascend further. In EOS-05’s case, the closest point to Earth, known as the perigee, will be around 170 kilometres, while the farthest point, or apogee, will reach approximately 28,934 kilometres.

This initial stage is crucial as it sets the satellite on its path to achieving its operational capabilities, allowing it to complete the necessary adjustments independently.

Capabilities of EOS-05 in Geosynchronous Orbit

Once separated from the GSLV-F17, EOS-05 will employ its onboard engines to adjust its orbit significantly. The aim is to achieve a consistent geosynchronous position, where it remains synchronised with the Earth’s rotation. This unique positioning allows the satellite to provide continuous observation of specific regions, unlike low-earth orbit satellites that quickly move past various locations.

The strategic placement of EOS-05 high above the Earth will enhance India’s ability to monitor geographical regions such as the Indian subcontinent and neighbouring territories with unprecedented frequency. This capability offers substantial advantages for applications including weather monitoring, disaster response, and environmental observations.

With EOS-05 being termed India’s first-ever imaging satellite from a geosynchronous orbit, it holds the potential to significantly elevate the country’s earth observation capabilities. If the mission is successful, it will not only add a vital asset to Isro’s growing portfolio but will also contribute to various sectors such as agriculture, flood management, and tracking natural disasters.

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